Relativity of Simultaneity: Lightning and the Train

Two lightning bolts strike the ends of a platform at the same instant, as the platform sees it. A train passes at speed v. Does the passenger agree that the strikes were simultaneous?

Train speed (v)0.40 c
Platform observer: gap between the flashes—
Passenger: gap between the flashes—
The passenger concludes—
Light from the rear strikeLight from the front strikePlatformTrain
Stopwatch reading when the flash arrivesRear flashFront flashGap
Platform observer———
Passenger———
Whose point of view?
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The set-up. The platform is a distance L long and its observer M stands in the middle. Two lightning bolts strike the two ends at the same instant, in the platform frame. A passenger P sits in the middle of the train. P passes M at the instant of the strikes.

The platform frame. The flashes travel the same distance L/2 to M at speed c, so they arrive together. P is moving towards the front flash and away from the rear flash, so P meets the front flash first: tfront = L/2(c + v) and trear = L/2(c − v). P’s own stopwatch runs slow, so it shows these times divided by γ.

The train frame. P is at rest, in the middle of the train, and light travels at c both ways. P receives the front flash first, but the two strikes were the same distance away. So in the train frame the front strike must have happened first. The time between the strikes is Δt′ = γvL/c2 (from the Lorentz transformation, Δt′ = γ(Δt − vΔx/c2) with Δt = 0 and Δx = L), and it equals the gap on P’s stopwatch.

Who is right? Both. Events at different places that are simultaneous in one frame are not simultaneous in another. But the order of the two flash arrivals at P does not depend on the observer, because the flashes reach P at the same place. Only the order of the strikes depends on the frame.

The train in the picture is as long as the platform when at rest, so each point of view sees the other contracted by γ.

Learn more in the Special relativity lesson. Original idea from Physics High.